Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences Essay

Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences Essay Over the past three decades or so the discovery and further development of biosorption phenomena has gained momentum and has transformed the methods by the means of which waste water effluent is treated to remove pollutants and recover valuable resources present in these aqueous systems like dyes. Biosorption is becoming a promising alternative to replace or supplement the present dye removal processes from textile industries effluent. This technology has drawn the attention of industries as it is economically viable and environmentally friendly. The status of scientific development of a technology can be reflected through analyses of the literatures pertaining to it, in this review, we qualitatively examine almost all aspects of biosorption research through research articles and other review papers. We have basically focused on biosorption of textile dyes using dead fungal biomass obtained from autoclaved or inactivated Aspergillus Niger. Materials used, methodologies used and data obtained has been assimilated from literature cited below. Finally, we summarized the important considerations of the current research on biosorption, the results and conclusions obtained from the data, as well as the suggestions and our thoughts and ideas for its future directions. INTRODUCTION Rapid industrialization and urbanization all over the globe has resulted in the generation of large quantities of aqueous effluents, many of which contain high levels of toxic pollutants. Various physical, chemical and biological processes are being employed to remove pollutants from industrial wastewaters before discharge into the environment as in the case of treatment of adsorptive pollutants like heavy metals and ionic dyes, however, most of the conventional treatment processes, especially chemical precipitation, coagulation, activated carbons and the use of ion-exchange resins become less effective and more expensive when the adsorbates are in a low concentration range and their high cost and low efficiency and lack of practicality have limited their commercial use in the field . Since any type of solid material has the capacity to absorb pollutants to some degree, a number of industrial inorganic wastes, such as ash, or natural inorganic materials like clay, synthetic materials , as well as, living or nonliving biomass/biomaterials, have been investigated as cheap adsorbents capable of replacing the well-known, but more expressive ones as their cost is low and efficiency is higher and the biosorbants can be regenerated, and the possibility of dye recovery following adsorption biomass-based adsorbents or biosorbents as they are commonly called, are the most attractive alternatives to physical and chemical processes. The use of biosorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous waste waters is one of the most recent developments in environmental or bioresource technology. Biosorption of dyes has become a popular environmentally driven research topic, and is one of the most sought after processes in the modern day where bioremediation is key in preserving the environment for future generations. Bohumil Volesky, a pioneer in the field, defined biosorption as the property of certain biomolecules (or types of b iomass) to bind and concentrate selected ions or other molecules from aqueous solutions. Biosorption by dead biomass (or by some molecules and/or their active groups) is passive and occurs primarily due to the affinity between the biosorbent and adsorbate. Types of Biomass or Biomaterials: Pollutants like metals and dyes can be removed by adsorption by living microorganisms, but can also be removed by dead biomass. Studies on practicality in the field for large-scale applications have demonstrated that biosorptive processes using dead biomass is much more viable option than the processes that use living biomass, since the latter require a nutrient supply and complicated bioreactor systems. Plus the use of dead biomass eliminates the maintenance of a healthy microbial population, and the other environmental factors like temperature and pH of the solution being treated. Dye recovery is also limited in living cells since these may be bound intracellularly. Therefore keeping these factors in mind, attention has been focused on the use of dead biomass as biosorbents. As mentioned above, dead biomass has advantages over living microorganisms. A hybrid process can also be employed which uses both dead and living biomass so as to increase the efficiency of biosorption. However, we have chosen to focus on single biosorption processes in this review and to avoid discussion of hybrid processes combined with biosorption. The first major challenge faced is to select the most promising types of biomass from an extremely large pool of readily available and inexpensive biomaterials. To streamline this when choosing biomass, for on field or industrial uses, the main factor to be taken into account is its availability and cheapness. Therefore keeping these factors in mind, native biomass can come from (i) industrial wastes free of charge; (ii) organisms easily obtainable in large amounts in nature; and (iii) organisms that can be grown quickly and which can be cultivated easily. A broad range of biomass types have been tested for their biosorptive capacities under various conditions at this point in time, but there are no limits to exploration of new biomass types having low cost and high efficiency. Biosorptive capacities of vari ous biomass types have been quantitatively compared in many review papers. Biosorbents primarily fall into the following categories: bacteria, fungi, algae, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, natural residues, and other biomaterials. Quantitative comparison of the hundreds of biosorbents reported thus far is not possible therefore data from various papers that have done these types of comparisons of biosorptive capacities of various biosorbents for various pollutants were used. It should be noted that the biosorptive capacity of a certain type of biosorbent depends on its pretreatment methods, as well as, on experimental conditions like pH and temperature. When comparing biosorptive capacities of biosorbents we consider it for a target pollutant, therefore, the experimental data should be carefully considered in light of these factors. After choosing a form of cheap and abundant biomass, the biosorbent capability for removing a target pollutant can be derived through simple che mical and/or physical method(s). New biosorbents can be manipulated for better efficiency and for multiple reuses to increase their economic attractiveness, compared with conventional adsorbents like ion-exchange resins or activated carbons. Category Examples Bacteria Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillussp. Corynebacteriumsp.,etc) gram-negative bacteria(Es-cherichia sp., Pseudomonas sp)cyanobacteria. Algae Micro-algae (Clorella sp., Chlamydomonas sp., etc) macro-algae (green seaweed (Enteromorpha sp.) brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.)and red seaweed ) Industrial Wastes Fermentation wastes, food/beverage wastes, activated sludges, anaerobic sludges, etc. Fungi Molds (Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. Etc.) mushrooms (Agaricus sp., Trichaptum sp. Etc.)And Yeast. Agricultural Wastes Fruit/vegetable wastes, rice straws, wheat bran, soybean hulls, etc. Natural residues Plant residues, sawdust, tree barks, weeds, etc. Others Chitosan-driven materials, cellulose-driven materials,etc. Table 1: Different type of biosorbents. Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal by Biosorbents: There are many types of biosorbents derived from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae (Table 1). The complex structure of these implies that there are many ways, by which these biosorbents remove various pollutants, but these are yet to be fully understood. Thus, there are many chemical/functional groups that can attract and sequester pollutants, depending on the choice of biosorbent. These can consist of amide, amine, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, imine, imidazole, sulfonate, sulfhydryl, thioether, phenolic, phosphate, and phosphodiester groups. However, the presence of some functional groups does not guarantee successful biosorption of pollutants, as steric, conformational, or other barriers may also be present. The importance of any given group for biosorption of a certain pollutant by a certain biomass depends on various factors, including the number of reactive sites in the biosorbent, accessibility of the sites, chemical state of t he sites (i.e. availability), and affinity between the sites and the particular pollutant of interest (i.e. binding strength). The understanding of the mechanisms by which biosorbents remove pollutants is very important for the development of biosorption processes for the concentration, removal, and recovery of the pollutants from aqueous solutions, also on the basis of these mechanisms modifications can be made on the biomass so as to increase the adsorption-desorption capacity of it. When the chemical or physiological reactions occurring during biosorption are known, the rate, quantity, and specificity of the pollutant uptake can be manipulated through the specification and control of process parameters. Biosorption of metals or dyes occurs mainly through interactions such as ion exchange, complexation, and adsorption by physical forces, precipitation and entrapment in inner spaces. Schematic diagram for processing different Biosorption mechanisms types of native biomass into biosorbents. Recovery and Regeneration: One of the important reasons why biosorption is favoured over conventional processes is due to the recovery of pollutant from the biosorbent and simultaneous regeneration of the biosorbent for reuse which makes it economically viable for industries. In fact, the usefulness of a specific biomass as a biosorbent depends not only on its biosorptive capacity, but also on the ease of its regeneration and reuse. However, most researchers have tended to focus only on the biosorptive capacity of biosorbent tested, without consideration of the regeneration required for industrial applications. The adsorbate bound onto the surface of a biosorbent through metabolism-independent biosorption may be easily desorbed by simple non-destructive physical/chemical methods using chemical eluants, but intracellularly bound adsorbate through metabolism-dependent bioaccumulation can be only released by destructive methods like incineration or dissolution into strong acids or alkal is. If cheap biomass is used as a biosorbent for recovering a certain pollutant, then destructive recovery would be economically feasible. However, most attention to date has focused on non-destructive desorption from the loaded biosorbent. For this reason, the choice between living or dead biomass systems is important because of the implication for recovery. In many cases, dilute mineral acids or alkalis allow efficient desorption from the biosorbent, but they also cause serious structural damage to the biosorbent itself, resulting in a drop in the biosorptive capacity of the biosorbent following regeneration. Organic solvents such as ethanol can be also used for desorbing organic pollutants such as dyes from the biosorbent. Sometimes heating or microwaving can aid desorption with an eluant or mixture solution. As well, as previously mentioned, the solution pH will have a strong influence on biosorption of a target pollutant; thus, simple manipulation of the pH of the desorbing sol ution should theoretically be a good method for regeneration of the biosorbent and recovery of the pollutant. FUNDAMENTAL REVIEW How is the textile effluents treated today? It is not easy to treat the effluents by the conventional biological and physico-chemical processes, e.g. light, heat, wash and oxidizing agents, used in regular treatment plants. That is because of the complexicity of the dyes aromatic molecular structures. Adsorption is the most helpful physical process in the treating these dye waste waters. Today activated carbon is normally used for adsorption in many treatment plants. But the producing costs for activated carbon is very high, there is a need of an alternative material that is more cost capable. A low costs adsorbent is defined as one which is rich in nature or one that is produces as a byproduct in another industry. There have been studies on lots of different natural materials as adsorbents in treating textile effluents, for example saw dust and agricultural wastes like wheat straw and corn cob. Now biosorption is investigated as a method to absorb the effluents and different organisms treating different kinds of dyes are test ed. Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile industries. As a result, about 10-20% of the dyes are lost during the built-up and dyeing process, producing large amounts of dye-containing wastewater. Mostly dyes used are azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes, classes is based on its chromophore .The white rot fungi are known to be very efficient for azo dye decolorization as various Aspergillus species, have been reported to decolorize various dyes. Aspergillus niger The dye solution will be treated with inactivated Aspergillus niger. A. niger is a fungi which has already been used industrially in producing citric acid. Citric acid used to be produced by extraction from lemons and other citrus fruits, but today microbial fermentation is a broadly spread technique and nearly all citric acid is produced this way. In these fermentation industries A. niger also comes out as a waste product which makes it suitable for investigations of the biosorption ability. A. niger is a dark colored fungi (see Figure a and b) that could be seen at moldering food and is then called black mold. It is mostly fruits and vegetables that are affected by the mold, for example grape fruits, onions and peanuts. One should not forget when dealing with the fungi that it could cause fungus diseases on both humans and animals. Aspergillus niger is a common saprophytic fungus in terrestrial environments. If the cells of the fungi are active they are easily affected by toxic com pounds and chemicals in the waste water and they may then pollute the environment by releasing toxins or propagules. Figure a: Aspergillus niger growing Figure b: Onion with black mold on Czapek dox agar in a Petri dish. Dyes: On the whole a large many number of dyes have been used by different researchers but it is not possible to present the data for all the dyes which were tested hence in this review we have concentrated on a few dyes which are most commonly used by the textile industries. Direct Blue 199 Acid Blue 29 Basic Blue 9 Dispersed red 1 Table 2: Different types of dyes. Culture Conditions and Microorganism: Aspergillus niger pellets were used to obtain the paramorphic forms of A. oryzae. Pure culture was maintained on nutrient beef agar medium at 4Â °C or were grown in potato-dextrose broth at pH 5.6, 29 Â ± 1 C on the shaker . After seven days, when sporulation occurred, the biomass was autoclaved at 121 C, 103.42 kPa for 45 min in order to kill the fungal biomass (figure c). The biomass was separated by filtering the growth medium through Whatman No. 1 paper after washing the fungal biomasses it will dried at 80 C for 20 h. The quantification of fungal biomass was carried out using a linear calibration between volumes of fungal pelletized culture and its respective dry weight. The concentration found may have suffered minor modifications, consequently to the procedures made during its paramorphogenesis. Figure c: Biosorbent powdered Biosorption Experiments Experiments were conducted 30 ml of the dye solution at an orbital shaking of 120 cycles/min. The temperature and pH conditions were varied for the different experiments The estimative biomass (autoclaved )for total removal of the dyes were calculated at three different pH values (2.50; 4.50, and 6.50) After the selection of the better pH (2.50), the dye solutions were equipped with the same dye concentration. Therefore, the solutions were inoculated with A. niger pellets (mg mL−1) getting through different biomass concentration. Samples were withdrawn at specified interval of time to monitor dye adsorption by UV-VIS (Scanning was performed between 300 and 800 nm) spectrophotometer at the absorbance maximum of the respective dye.

Theatre-Director’s Role

The director is the most important person in the play because without his visions the actors would have no purpose and nothing would go on. Without the director all would be at loss in the theatre. The director is the one who tell everyone what to do and installs the fear into the cast and other to perform at their best at all times. The director is the person who all the actors and stage crew and everyone tries to impress and they will always be on their best behavior while the director. I would want to be the director because everything is dependent on you and you are the one who calls the shots and I will maintain order on the set. The director is the one who knows the whole play and has to get the performers to perform and to make the show run as smoothly as possible. If the actors or stage coach were to get out of line or not do their job then the director would heard about it and not be do happy about it. The preparation for the director is a major issue. Many hours of perfecting the acting according to the script takes a strain when you have to account for everything that is going on. A director must having coping skills and still be enough and authoritarian to have respect from all the members of the cast. For me personally, I would have to learn how to work with people instead of getting mad and not wanting to work through problems that might occur during rehearsal and the whole production in general. The work and preparation that needs take place is tremendous, but the director has to put so much pre meditated work in that is not seen by many people, but its truly eveudent in the final production.

Hawaii s Annexation Led Cultural Differences Between The...

Hawaii’s annexation prompted significant ethical differences between the points of view between the American government and the Hawaiian natives. The American Pageant is an Advanced Placement United States History Textbook written by American authors and professors, and is thus biased towards the American government and is thus more likely to portray the annexation of Hawaii in a good light. In 1820, New England settlers landed on Hawaii and began their mission: spreading Protestant Christianity across the eight tropical islands. Through time, culture assimilation, and interaction with the indigenous peoples, Americans eventually regarded Hawaii as a part of America itself. They took the liberty of using the Hawaiian islands as a commerce hotspot and a war buffer, as demonstrated by the Spanish-American War, where America used Hawaii as a bridge in its battles with the Philippines. American warned other countries to keep their hands off of Hawaii, for they considered it already their own. With the approvals of the 1875 commercially-reproving treaty and the 1887 treaty with Hawaii’s own native government, thus guaranteeing the Americans jackpot: Pearl Harbor naval base rights. The textbook portrays the annexation of Hawaii in a positive light, stating that America had saved Hawaii from its numerous economic pitfalls and had thus mutually benefitted both countries. The McKinley tariff of 1890 was the fist around Hawaii’s throat, for it barred the sale of HawaiianShow MoreRelatedThe Essential Questions5521 Words   |  23 Pagesemerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church had lasting effects, such as the division of the Netherlands. The Italian Renaissance is best known for its cultural achievements. Italian Renaissance literature includes such figures as the humanists Petrarch Boccaccio other renaissance humanists such as Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino

Jackie Robinson And Curt Flood - 1237 Words

Americans love sports. Sports infiltrate culture, music, film, and even history courses in the United States. Even with this immense popularity surrounding a variety of sports in this country, one stands out as the most â€Å"American.† Baseball has long been regarded as America’s national pastime and it remains the single sport which mirrors society and pushes it forward more than any other. Football and basketball have risen to great prominence within the United States, but they cannot match baseball for its history, its diversity, and its growth with the nation from coast to coast. Baseball also offers heroism and an everyday working class style that are not present in any other sport. In a nation with many athletic pastimes, baseball†¦show more content†¦Baseball even played a key role in the recent reopening of relations with Cuba including an exhibition game attended by Barack Obama. Not only is baseball an American game; as America changes baseball goes with it. Baseball as a business is more American than any other major professional sport. America faced strong monopoly power in steel, oil, and tobacco in the early 20th century. Major League Baseball was also able to act as a monopoly after its adoption of (American League) and triumph over (Federal League) insurgent leagues. (Davies 98, 106) Trusts overpowered and dismantled their competitors; baseball overpowered its players. This was accomplished through baseball’s reserve clause which forced players to remain with their current teams, be traded, or leave the game entirely. The Declaration of Independence has stuck with Americans since it was written in the 18th century and it outlines many persistent American values. One is that it is the right of oppressed citizens to rise up against a tyrannical government. In terms of baseball, the reserve clause was oppressive on the players and Curt Flood was the citizen who rose up against it. Thurgood Marshall wrote, â€Å"When our errors deny federal rights, like the right to compete freely and effectively to the best of one’s ability as guaranteed by the antitrust laws, we must admit our error and correct it† (Riess 413). A capitalist view of the American economy agrees with Marshall that the labor marketShow MoreRelatedHistory and Importance of Baseball in the US Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagesballpark in 1916. When someone hears Fenway Park his/her mind drifts to thoughts of the green monster and the lone red chair. He/she thinks of all of the great players and all of the great events that have taken place at Fenway. Visions of Ted Williams, Curt Schilling, even the current player David Ortiz, â€Å"Big Papi,† whose name, in my opinion, will one day carry the same magnitude as any of those other aforementioned players’ cycle through the heads of old men and women and bring back memories of a differentRead MoreThe World Of Baseball Player For The St. Louis Cardinals Essay2186 Words   |  9 PagesCurt Flood was an All-Star baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals that did not want to be traded against his wishes to the Philadelphia Phillies. This decision to publicly come out and make this particular statement ultimately started a battle for player liberty and benefits in baseball. This paper will be diving into the ideals and ramifications behind his choice to dispute the sport of baseball, the context of American society around the time of the issue and its relationship, the main eventsRead MoreEssie Mae Fights for the Rights of the African Americans985 Words   |  4 Pagesmother. Anne’s mother would write to her telling her to stop attending meetings or their family might get attack by the community. â€Å"NAACP held its annual convention in Jackson. They were having a whole lot of interesting speakers: Jackie Robinson, Floyd Patterson, Curt Flood, Margarette Belafonte, and many others.† (Pg. 283) Anne was planning on going to thi s event but she received a letter from her mother a couple days before telling her not to go. She talked about the last time that Anne visited and

Maternal Health And Child Health - 2339 Words

Introduction In 2015, 303 000 women died due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications and 5.9 million children died under the age of 5 (WHO, 2016). Furthermore, over 45% of the child deaths occur during the first 28 days of life. The majority of the maternal and child deaths occur in low and middle-income countries and, moreover, a child from a poor background in these countries is 56 times more likely not to survive the first 5 years of life (Lassi et al., 2014). The problem of poor maternal, neonatal and child health persists in the majority of low- and lower-middle income countries and it largely contributes to the high rates of premature mortality. Preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia and birth-related trauma,†¦show more content†¦There is a vast number of different interventions available to improve maternal and child health. However, it is still unclear which interventions are the more appropriate for the low- and middle-income countries, where the burd en is the heaviest and healthcare resources are very scarce. To understand whether the maternal and child health needs of poor communities are best served by focusing attention on the delivery of a few but cheap and effective interventions, this paper examines current situation and interventions available in two different countries - Ghana and Sri Lanka. This essay also emphasizes the importance to consider existing disagreements about how the policies and interventions should be delivered to address the needs of poor communities. Ghana and Sri Lanka. An overview of the current situation. The case study of two countries from low- and middle-income groups would be well suited to investigate what interventions would be the best to address the maternal and child needs in these communities. In order to compare the effectiveness of interventions, a country with high maternal and child mortality - Ghana (low-income group) and a country with relatively low mortality - Sri Lanka (lower-midd le income group) were examined. These countries are relatively

Lv Ptlls Free Essays

The purpose of assessment falls into 5 main categories. Initial, (at the beginning) diagnostic (example: testing for existing knowledge), formative, (ongoing) summarize (at the end) and passive (self). Gravels states, Assessment is a regular process: it might not always be formalized, but you will be observing what your learners are doing, asking them questions, and reviewing their progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Lv Ptlls or any similar topic only for you Order Now So why do we actually assess learners? Gravels (2012) argues that â€Å"It enables you, the assessor, to ascertain if you the learner has gained the required skills ND knowledge needed at a given point towards a course or qualification†. Further reasons to asses are that assessment can highlight weakness and highlight strengths, it is also an excellent piece of feedback for both students and teachers which can be used for a review also. The first assessment that should take place should be an initial assessment. This will ensure that the learner is on the right course. Gravels (2012) states that if you place the learner on a course qualification they may not achieve, it is placing them at a distinct disadvantage. Completing an initial assessment goes however also have positive aspect, if the learner shows a lack of knowledge in a specific area the teacher would be able to plan for specific need and make arrangements for future learning, therefore promoting equal opportunities by allowing a range to different ability learners to complete the program. CAD (2012) describes an initial assessment as â€Å"Initial assessment of each newly arrived pupil’s learning helps teachers consider the pupil’s specific needs and plan opportunities that will help remove any barriers to learning they might have†. Formative assessments are always ongoing throughout a course, it will roved opportunities to adapt learning to the students needs, it will also highlight any weakness that may need to be addressed, thus improving learning. In a care job this may be done by supervisions, watching how people work. Guidance and support should be given on any areas they are no so good at. Constructive feed back in many opinions are best to use. Just like a driving test many fail first time yet more than 95% of those who attempt eventually pass. (Petty 1 998) Summarize assessments sums up what a candidate can do, a summarize assessment usually leads to a pass or fail situation. However, an NV is scribed as a â€Å"competence-based qualifications. They reflect the skills and knowledge needed to do a job effectively, and show that a candidate is competent in the area of work the NV framework represents. CAD (2012). A disadvantage of this type off assessment is that an NV is a qualification you should not fail you are given time to pass and are allowed to practice and make mistakes this may imply that failure is k, and that you can just to start again but in care a job should be done first time and no mistakes should be made, this would be an ideal world but after all we are human and mistakes re m ade. That is where an NV has its advantages it allows you to make mistakes and try again and by doing this you are constantly learning and you become more competent in what is to be done. For effective learning to take place it is important to involve the learner in the assessment process. Initially this could be done by sharing and clarifying the assessment process with the learner ensuring they understand what the assessment criteria is and how they can meet that criteria. After the assessment it is important to give the learner useful feedback that they can fleet on and actions that they could take for further assessments. Gravels states â€Å"All Learners need to know how they are progressing and what they have achieved. F-dieback will encourage and motivate them†. Giving Feedback is an essential part of the assessment cycle, feedback shows and encourages both learners and trainers how they are progressing. It is not a criticism and should be helpful to learners to understand their behavior and actions. Scales (2008) states â€Å"The willingness of learners and teachers to give and receive feedback is at the heart of formative assessment’. The feedback sandwich is a well trusted and standard model of delivering feed back. The trainer should first ask learners for self assessment followed by trainers positive recognition Of achievements and strengths on top. Feedback should be neither too extensive nor brief and if there are many areas of change a learner need to address, a maximum of only 3 should be given initially, so the learner is not overwhelmed. Feedback being a two way process should be delivered in a positive manner, be it verbally, written or electronically. Its delivery should be descriptive, instructive and targeted specifically at the learners areas of development in order to motivate them. Feedback is an essential part of effective learning. It helps students understand the subject being studied and gives them clear guidance on how to improve their learning. Questions must be asked thought or as learning is ongoing to ensure there is an understanding. Peer and self assessment are a great way of involving learners as it allows them to give constructive feedback. Self and peer assessments are always ongoing. Looking at gaps and what else needs doing. Improving own knowledge and looking at difficulties. Discuss with others who can support you to over come things. Encourage sharing of knowledge and Information. Self-assessment plays an important part in enhanced learning as by making the learner think about their own strengths and weaknesses it enables them to highlight those areas of skill or knowledge on which they need to work. Learners can also be used as a learning resource explaining something to another student for example or by giving peer feedback, by getting the learner to take on the teacher’s role it makes them think about their own knowledge and how to get that knowledge across thereby promoting self- assessment. Peer assessment really helps the rapport of the group as they are working together by giving constructive criticism and points for development. Peer and self-assessment, where students assess each other and themselves, can encourage students to take greater responsibility for their learning, for example, by encouraging engagement with assessment criteria and reflection of their own performance and that of their peers. Through this, students can learn from their previous mistakes, identify their strengths and weaknesses ND learn to target their learning accordingly. Getting students to become more active in their learning in this way can help to alter the perception of learning as being a passive process whereby students listen to you and absorb the information in order to regurgitate during a subsequent assignment. If students are participants rather than ‘spectators’, they are more likely to engage with their learning. For peer evaluation to work effectively, the learning environment in the classroom must be supportive. Students must feel comfortable and trust one another in order to provide honest and constructive feedback. Instructors who use group work and peer assessment frequently can help students develop trust by forming them into small groups early in the semester and having them work in the same groups throughout the term. This allows them to become more comfortable with each other and leads to better peer feedback. Assessment methods vary greatly and each have their own strengths and weaknesses. A test or questioning would be two good initial assessments as they can be used to gauge how much prior knowledge a learner has. They could also be used as formative assessments comparing the answers to the earner’s earlier answers to measure how far they have progressed. Limitations of tests and questioning can be some people can crumble at tests. Know it all but cannot get it down onto paper also may find it difficult to explain. Tests may cause anxiety and cause people to feel pressured. May only allow for specific answers without chance to expand. Tests and certain types of questioning may not be suitable due to barriers. Lack of confidence or even ability to read can affect the person. Other support may be needed to allow them to complete the task. An observation makes for a good formative or summarize assessment as it ivies the learner the opportunity to demonstrate the skills and or knowledge they have gained, the drawback of an observation however is that the natural behavior of anything being observed is likely to be altered by the observation. Assignments are another method of assessment, again they give the opportunity for the learner to demonstrate knowledge and can be used either as a formative or summarize assessment. However they can be very intimidating if the learner struggles with putting concepts into words. Historically exams were used as a means of summarize assessment, when regained correctly an exam is difficult to cheat and a good way to measure knowledge, the drawback however is that not everyone is suited to sitting exams. Nerves, environmental factors even the quality of sleep the night before could all affect the results. Another useful assessment tool is the learning journal (can be formative and summarize) used in part by the author. This informative method can be used by either learners or trainers. It reinforces learning points by listing, promotes creative thinking by asking learners/trainers to compile a tool kit of materials or ideas. It also allows reflection on learning and empowers learners to express any concerns they may have or what personal development needs they may aspire too. Limitations can include not having correct information to begin with, information must be needs to be factual and concise. Not everything can be documented/recorded. One of the major disadvantages of journals, logs and portfolios is the difficulty some students experience, through lack of familiarity and practice, with writing reflectively. The superficial accounts of events that can result from this have little educational alee – for either the assessor or the assessed student. Record keeping is the documentation of information imparted in regards of codes of conduct, over time they are the evidence of what the learner has achieved and will also show what other knowledge needs to be provided. Records are usually kept on paper files and/or electronically; Good, accurate records are important for teachers, learners, verifiers, training providers, and inspectors and for employers as they can keep a track on the individual’s development and progress as well as in the teachers/college performance ND professionalism in delivering the subject. Additionally, it is a legal requirement to keep accurate and up to date records on learners as it serves as a clear channel for external, as well as internal, audits; providing accurate and up to date records is to prove and account for the training/lesson effectiveness and the progress of learners or even special needs for other learners. An example is records of course/ lesson attendance will show up gaps in knowledge. Records should identify if further action is required and, if so, a record of the action should be completed. Assessment forms will operate in a similar way. How to cite Lv Ptlls, Papers

Once Upon a Time... free essay sample

Kelly McDermott WRTG 1 1 50/Albert Literacy Narrative Final 28 August 2010 Once upon a time Writing does not happen like it does in fiction, with inspirational background music, and a sudden appearance ofa beautiful Greek muse. Writing is easy. You only need to stare at a blank piece of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead. (Gene Fowler). People do not sit for hours in front of a computer screen, fghting with a word-processers grammar, because it is fun. Writing can be either worse than the fires from Dantes famous inferno or more lovely than true love, but, n either case, often a needed explosion of brain cells. For me, forming meaning from what started out as inscriptions on cave walls is more than creating art or a little need, but essential. It is not only what I do. Writing is my identity. Delving into my fresh idea for my novel this summer, I found a book that told me how to write a novel in a month. We will write a custom essay sample on Once Upon a Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though I did not in fact write half a novel in a month, several things the author said still are a large part of my everyday writing experience. An exercise he suggested the reader do was to sit down with some background music (l chose Sun Dance: Summer Solstice), and write for fifteen minutes about something always wanted/wished for in our own life. What I did write is surprisingly personal to me, but I will say that even now reading it will still shock me; I had no clue that I had the feelings that I did bottled up inside. I remember the only conscious thought I had during the entire writing burst was hmm I guess I kinda would like Then I finished writing and my soul was peeking at me between the scrawls on the scrap paper I had decided to use for this useless looking exercise. Eighth grade was the ear that I decided: I would write a novel, I would have it published, and I would be famous. I still have the handwritten original twenty or so pages I wrote five years ago. However, my novel has taken on a completely new basic plot as a freshman in college. I had teachers who taught me how to write using the amazingly in-depth grammar available to me, and I had teachers who taught me about life itself, and that is what my novel is now about: life (using parapsychology to give it a supernatural mood). My favorite teacher in up through high school my best friends mom, referred o as either Mom or Mrs. Thompson. She was my tenth grade honors comp-lit teacher, my humanities one and two teacher, and she was my advanced placement literature instructor senior year. She scared me. Still does usually. Her grading was not what terrified my senior class, or her Look (although that was rather effective when done at the right moment), but rather, her disappointment. When I wrote something horrible in Mrs. Thompsons class I did not care what the number written on the bottom was All I cared about was actually whether she liked it or not, and hether I had her time had been wasted in the end or not. The books we read in my literature class were not assignments; they were gifts from Mrs. Thompson. Read well-written novels that spoke morals? YES! Reading for classes and for fun in free people that I was reading the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling when I was in second grade and reading adult level books in middle school. Personally, I am surprised that I did not decide earlier in my life than the last year in my middle school that writing a novel would be a good idea. What actually surprises me most is what has helped me ost with my actual writing: a website. Goodreads. com has a spot where one can search for quotes from authors and famous people and I have always enjoyed reading quotes. When I began reading quotes from Stephan King, however, I began to improve all my writing, not Just my little novel. Not that I have actually read any of his stories myself. Only his quotes and his book On Writing, which discusses his own writing advice and experience. It has been enough to make him one of my favorite author role models. He makes me laugh, feel inspired, and most importantly, he akes me get off my writers block by telling me simply, you can, you should, and if youre brave enough to start, you will. Too many books on writing tell the aspiring writers who read them to let inspiration come to them, but that is nothing like any writing realistically works. miou [cannot] wait for inspiration. You have to go after it with a club Cack London). Writing a paper that delves into the rhetoric of Heart of Darkness by Conrad will not be affected much by inspiration, and writing a poem on the beauty of a tree should bypass conscious inspiration if done correctly. Writing, to me, is saying what I cannot always handle thinking, or rather, my thoughts draining from my brain onto a page without passing my conscious go. For years, Journaling was to me as numbers are to an accountant: no longer exciting, but it was what I did. Writing in a Journal became almost an obligation to tell the invisible person inside the pages the important things happening in my life. Suddenly, in high school, writing developed a completely different meaning in my world, the change beginning with the mystical quality of poetry. The first poem I wrote for my ninth grade honors comp-lit class assignment shocked me with its intensity. We were each given a list of twenty words, and were to choose ten to have in our individual poems, and focus a theme on. It was not the last poem I wrote. Now when I write a poem, Journal, or work on my novel, doing so is not an obligation, doing so could often be considered enlightening by the insight I will often get inside of my own mind. When I picture a poet, I either see my friend Juliana leaning over a tiny notebook in class or Emily Dickenson, sitting by a window, closed off from the world. A novelist? A gray bearded man typing away at an old-fashioned typewriter. Yet here I am, lying on my carpet in my dorm room with a laptop, listening to show tunes and Pandora Radio, and I consider myself in the same league. My goal? Writing isnt about making money, getting famous , or making friends. In the end, it is about enriching the lives of those who will read your work, and enriching your own life, as well. It is about getting up, getting well, and getting over. Getting happy, okay? Getting happy (Stephan King).